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The Buffalo Dance, or Bison Dance, is an ceremony held by many North American Plains Indians, including the Mandan, Sioux, Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Omaha, among others. The ceremony traditionally coincided with the return of the buffalo herds, and included a feast and a dance with a number of men wearing buffalo headdresses – The buffalo, or bison, was so central to society, it was important to assure the return of the herd and an abundance of food and resources – In some societies it was also a dance more associated with curing the ill, calling on the spirit of the buffalo.

The Sioux are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America.The Lakota, also called Teton (Dwellers on the prairie), are the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture. With the arrival of the horse in the 1700s, the Lakota would become the most powerful tribe on the Plains. They fought the United States Army in the Sioux Wars including defeating the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of Little Big Horn. The armed conflicts with the U.S. ended with the Wounded Knee Massacre.